Organophosphorus (OP) pesticides as well as the nerve agents (NA) like tabun or sarin represent a permanent threat to the population. OP pesticide poisoning is responsible for at least 100,000 fatal poisonings worldwide every year, and nerve agents are still misused despite their ban under the Chemical Weapons Convention. Current antidote therapy consists of the rapid administration of an oxime reactivator (causal therapy), supplemented by parasympatholytics (e.g. atropine) and anticonvulsants (e.g. diazepam). The aim of this project is to develop and characterize new delivery systems for non-invasive intranasal administration of atropine, applicable in both civilian and military settings. The proposed formulations will be evaluated using advanced physicochemical and analytical methods, and the most successful formulation will be selected on the basis of ex vivo permeation models. The main part of the study consists of experimental verification in laboratory animals (domestic pig). A comparative study of bioavailability, distribution and PK/PD analysis will verify the pharmacokinetic profile of the selected formulations for local administration. Efficacy in organophosphate poisoning will then be verified to assess the practical applicability of the concept.